Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban

Education in Afghanistan is one of the most frequently discussed problems that require certain time and investigations. Many sources admit that the policies of the Taliban were so horrible and strict that any girl could not get a chance to study and enlarge own level of knowledge on the same level with boys. The point is that many female students just could not continue their education, because the chosen programs were too horrible and war-oriented that females did not find it helpful and necessary to visit schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban – Cause and Effect Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The impact of the Taliban on boys and girls’ education in Afghanistan was really great: different educative strategies and concentration on war affairs deprived girls of the opportunity to get education on the same level as boys could do it; this is why th e fall of that movement led to positive changes in the sphere of education and promoted girls’ desire to study just like it was described in Seierstad’s The Bookseller of Kabul. Contrary to popular belief, the Taliban never officially banned the education for females. Girls under the ages of nine were allowed to attend school and share a classroom with boys of the same age. However, once a girl reached the age of ten, she lost the right to attend the school. The Taliban put a suspension on female education until a segregated education system could be completely organized and implemented. Abdul Hai Muthmahien, the Taliban chief spokesman, admitted that their movement was going to spend more then $ 1 million in order to build schools and provide students with the necessary equipment â€Å"Taliban are not against education† (Baker para.2), and even girls should have a chance to study. The students, who were fortunate enough to attend the schools that remained open, were taught a curriculum, centered on violence and religion. At the first grade, children, who were six years old, learned the alphabet not by animals, fruits, or joys, like it was inherent to the vast majority of schools all over the world, but by means of religious and war-like terminology: â€Å"’J’ was for Jihad, ‘M’ was for Muhjahed, and ‘T’ was for Talib† (Fassihi para.1). First graders were also taught simple arithmetic like counting bullets. The fourth grade of education turned out to be crucial for many students, because they got a chance to teach more complex math word problems.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These tasks involve the following: â€Å"If a bullet travels 800 meters per second, and the distance between a Russian and a muhjahed is 3,200 meters, then how many seconds will it take for the bullet to hit the Russian between the eyes?† (Fassihi para. 5) Each year, a student could advance to a new grade, texts, lessons, and homework became even more graphic; the seventh grade promotes students to study the â€Å"jihad manual†, the manual that was laden with instructions for bomb making, gun and weapon descriptions and diagrams, and even how-to’s for killing Islam’s enemies (Fassihi para. 6). Students were subjected to this style of learning until the Taliban fell after a five year reign. â€Å"Belqisa could even continue her education if she wanted†¦Now it was allowed, but she forbade herself† (Seierstad 175-181). So, a child of any sex could get education, the question is whether the child wants to get such education. In November 2001, since the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan faced numerous troubles because of the period of reconstruction and its demands (UNESCO 137). The sphere of education underwent certain challenges and changes as well: schools all ac ross the country held registrations for both males and females. In Jalalabad, the new minister of education, Abdul Ghani Hidayat, hoped for the turnout at registration and believed that nearly eighty percent of the city’s eligible male and females would register. Despite the lack of text books, furniture, and writing utensils and supplies, Mr. Hidayat was eager to commence the planning and implementation of a new curriculum for the children in order to present them an opportunity to enlarge their level of knowledge and have the same rights as other people on the world have (Witter para. 8). In spite of Mr. Hidayat’s enthusiasm and desire to support children and their families, it was not enough to make children return to the schools and continue education. The Taliban’s conditions were so strict and repressive that even their leaving did not help to return female students. The development of innovative computing technologies, the status of English as an internat ional level, and other changes in curriculums require considerable work in the sphere of education (Moreno 398). Wars, which take place in Afghanistan, have serious effect on education in this country: many teachers are killed in actions, many children prefer to go for a war but not to spend time at schools, and many schools have been already destroyed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban – Cause and Effect Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All this damage, created as a result of the war, influences education indicators considerably and increases brain drain. Teachers do not find it effective to stay in the country and train children under such terrible conditions. Those, who decide to stay and protect own native land, face such problems like lack of knowledge or experience. Some teachers do not even have any pedagogic practice, and make use of every day proble ms to create new tasks and train students. Lack of education leads to wrong perception of information and interpretation of numerous psychological, social, and philosophical concepts. Even if the fall of the Taliban promotes the development of the educational sphere in Afghanistan, students still face numerous problems and do not have chances to cope with them. Nowadays, education is available for any citizen of Afghanistan. It does not matter whether you are a boy or a girl. The point is that the attitude to education may be different in each family, and the head of one family cannot accept the idea that his women should spend much time alongside men (Seierstad 262), and the head of the other family is eager to help his women to study new material and be smart. In general, education for boys and girls in Afghanistan sees considerable changes before and after the reign of the Taliban. The sources prove that in fact the Taliban movement did not prevent education for girls; certain co nditions may cause some restrictions, but as a whole, girls got the right to visit schools and enlarge their knowledge. Of course, war conditions deprive a lot of boys and girls of the opportunity to study, this is why numerous school reforms and additional help should be provided day by day. Maybe, this lack of education and attention to social norms and attitude to this life serve as a serious reason of the war. It is high time to think about the ways of how to educate the Afghan people and explain them how wrong and horrible their comprehension of this life can be. Works Cited Fassihi, Farnaz. â€Å"2 Bullets + 2 Bullets =?: That Was Math in the Textbooks Used in Taliban-Era Schools.† Newhouse News Service. Moreno, Juan, M. â€Å"Secondary Education in Afghanistan: A Portray of Post-Conflict Education Reconstruction.† Revista Espanola de Educacion Comparada 11 (2005): 381-406.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seierstad, Asne. The Bookseller of Kabul. London: Virago Press Ltd., 2004. Print. UNESCO. Education for all by 2015: Will We Make It? New York: Oxford University Press US, 2008. Print. Witter, Willis. â€Å"Afghan Girls Giddy over Return to School.† The Washington Times. (21 Nov. 2001). This essay on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban was written and submitted by user Adam Destine to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Four Seasons in Spanish

The Four Seasons in Spanish Most of the Spanish-speaking world speaks of four seasons of the year (estaciones del aà ±o), just as in English: el invierno - winterla primavera - springel verano - summer (Another word for summer, el està ­o, has mostly literary use.)el otoà ±o - autumn or fall As in English, seasons are deemed to begin and end in a formal sense on the years longest and shortest days. For example, summer begins around June 21 in the Northern Hemisphere but around Dec. 21 in the Southern Hemisphere. But in a popular sense summer can also be thought of as including the hottest months, typically June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere but December, January, and February in the Southern Hemisphere. In much of the tropics, however, just two seasons are recognized locally: la estacià ³n lluviosa - rainy season or wet season, which can also be called inviernola estacià ³n seca - dry season, which can also be called verano When To Use the Definite Article With Seasons The definite article (el or la) is almost always used with the names of the seasons. In many cases, it is used where it isnt in English: La primavera es la à ©poca del aà ±o en que se manifiestan ms evidentemente los procesos del nacimiento y el crecimiento. (Spring is the time of the year in which the processes of birth and growth are most evident.)El otoà ±o me parece abrumadoramente triste. (Autumn seems overwhelmingly sad to me.)El verano se acerca. (Summer is getting near.)No tengo algo para hacer durante el invierno. (I dont have anything to do during winter.) The same rule applies in the plural form: Los veranos de la ciudad nos traen grandes conciertos. (Summers in the city bring us great concerts.)Me encantan los colores brillantes de los otoà ±os de Nueva Inglaterra. (I love the brilliant colors of New England autumns.)No me gustan los inviernos. (I dont like winters.) Determiners such as este (this) and un (one) can substitute for the definite article. The names of the four seasons are typically used with definite articles in Spanish.Spanish speakers in the tropics often refer to two seasons, the rainy and dry seasons.It is common to use de season to speak of the seasons in adjective form. When You Dont Need the Definite Article The definite article can be omitted (but doesnt have to be) after forms of the verb ser and the prepositions en and de: En verano debemos cuidar el pelo con productos diseà ±ados para esta estacià ³n. (In summer we should take care of our hair with products designed for this season.)Los colores de primavera son muy llamativos y bonitos. (Spring colors are very intense and pretty.)Ya era otoà ±o en Parà ­s. (It was already autumn in Paris.) Etymology of the Seasons Names The main names of the four seasons in Spanish all come from Latin: Invierno comes from hibernum, which is also the source for hibernate.Primavera is related to primera (first) and ver (to see), because it is the time of year when it is possible to first see new life.Verano comes from veranum, which in Latin could refer to either spring or summer.Otoà ±o comes from autumnus, the source of the English autumn. Adjectival Forms Most of the time, the equivalent of adjectives such as wintry and summery can be translated  by combining the name of the season with de to create a phrase such as de invierno and de verano. There are also separate adjectival forms that are sometimes used: invernal (wintry), primavernal (springlike), veraniego (summery), and otoà ±al (autumnal). Verano also has a verb form, veranear, which means to spend the summer away from home. Sample Sentences Referring to Seasons Cada primavera, las ms de 200 especies de plantas con flores que hay en el parque crean una brillante exhibicià ³n. (Every spring, the 200-plus species of flowered plants in the park create a brilliant display.)El otoà ±o es un buen momento para visitar Mà ©xico. (Fall is a good time for visiting Mexico.)La estacià ³n lluviosa dura en el interior del paà ­s desde mayo hasta octubre. (The rainy season  lasts in the countrys interior from May until October.) ¿Cunto costar esquiar en Chile este invierno? (How much will it cost to ski in Chile this winter?)Los dà ­as de verano son largos. (Summer days are long.)El riesgo de incendios forestales de la estacià ³n seca supera este aà ±o. (The risk of forest fires in the dry season will increase this year.)Era un verano involidable. (It was an unforgettable summer.)El otoà ±o en Japà ³n es el clima ms agradable del aà ±o. (Autumn in Japan has the most pleasant weather of the year.)

Kitkat-nestle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kitkat-nestle - Research Paper Example Each of the fingers can be separately snapped from the bar. Bars have 2 or 4 fingers typically. Introduction Of Nestle in UAE Nestle’s first official presence in Middle East was in 1934 in Lebanon. It has grown then in the entire region and operating companies has been opened in every country of Middle East except Iraq and Yemen. In these two countries, selling and distribution of products is done through agents. The regional head office of Nestle was established in Middle East in Dubai in the year 1997. Currently, the activities are focussed on 13 countries of Middle East. Business Nestle is into food industry. They products in every food sector from infant food for children to chocolates, beverages, frozen food, seasoning, water, tea, coffee, ice creams etc for adults to pet care food for pets. Their product Kit Kat has its separate marketing and it is into the chocolate business with a range of different Kit Kat flavours. Organizations that market the brand Business activit ies of market In terms of retail and distribution, the market of Middle East can be characterised compared to others. There are three trade clusters in Middle East. The first includes countries like UAE, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain where top retailers account for more than 50% of sales. In this environment, the business is much more skewed towards hypermarkets, supermarkets and key accounts. In the second cluster, the top retailers make up less than 30% of business which includes countries like Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Lebanon. In the third cluster, the top retailers account for less than 5% of business. It includes countries like Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Palestine and Syria. The United Arab Emirates forms a large part of developed trade environment where the key accounts, supermarkets, hypermarkets, typically Lulu, the Coop, Carrefour and Spinneys represent the majority of sales. SWOT analysis of Kit Kat Strength The chosen company is such that it is very difficult to consider its weakness in p romoting their chocolate. The way in which Kit Kat Company is promoting its product is very strong. They make a discount when consumer buys large pieces. It also has many factories which increases and improves the sales of company. Maximizing the distribution of the product is very strong to achieve the goals for any company to have many consumers and gaining profits like the Kit Kat Company does. The way that retailers promote the Kit Kat chocolate is different. Good retailers should help the customers to observe the chocolate in the supermarket in a good way to sell more. For example, when we went to the see how supermarkets promote our product that we chose, we saw big differences in the amount of the Kit Kat chocolate in each store like in Al-Hadaf Supermarket, there are many sections provide different types of Kit Kat. Kit Kat chocolate is a familiar over the world because it has been produce for a long time. The company shows many advertisements and puts many billboards on gro ceries and big markets. Their slogan of Kit Kat â€Å"

The Importance of a Deep Understanding of the Cultural Specifics of th Research Paper

The Importance of a Deep Understanding of the Cultural Specifics of the Host Country - Research Paper Example This paper handles the necessity to give an effective method to increase the accomplishment rate of inpatriate directors hence augmenting the comprehensive performance of the business. To attain enhanced managerial performance the must for a practical inpatriate course is significant to stimulate long-term obligation and devotion of inpatriate workers and managers.The Rothschild dynasty seeks to combine its banking processes of France and Britain to make safe enduring management of the trade and to perk up the business's financial power ahead of the preamble of harder capital obligations for banks (Morton, 1998, 90). The old banks that have existed for 200 years will be joined up under a solitary shareholding, which will get together the chances of the French and English parties of the well-known family as they endeavor to maintain the business aligned with the outcomes of the new-fangled parameter and the divergence from the international financial crisis (Clauss-Ehlers, 2008, 7). P aris Orleans, which is the Rothschild Dynasty's Paris-centered holding firm, will switch into a French partial partnership, protecting the family's power of the bank in opposition to probable takeovers. The new joint ventures will then takeover marginal shareholders in NM Rothschild & Sons, which is the UK Company, in addition to exceptional minority concerns in the French processes. David de Rothschild is said to become chairperson of the joint venture and articulated that the fresh configuration would assist the bank "better convene the necessities of globalization on the whole and in the company’s competitive milieu in exacting while making sure his family's management over the extended term".

Strategic Management Discussion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Management Discussion Paper - Essay Example supposed to save time since tasks would not have to be passed from one team to another if a cross functional team is used to handle the entire production cycle. The idea is also helped by the emergence of business information systems which allow the sharing of information between departments making cross functional teams more powerful than departmental teams alone. There are some situations where reengineering is not only a good point on the agenda, it becomes a necessity for survival. The emerging e-business environment and the world of online sales means that not only the business models followed by companies but also the methods of doing business have to be changed (Rayport and Jaworski, 2000). The case of Apple is a prime example where the business process as well as the way sales were made by the company were changed and reengineered due to the availability of technology and the presence of a new business process (Smith, 2006). Of course there can be situations where a reengineering of a process may not be viable such as the operations of a hospital where health of the patient may be more important than simple profits or an airport where safety is often more important than efficiency. A high level of turnover at a company can be sign of many different things but given the other situations which are present at the company, it seems that there are quite a few problems at Milinder Recycling which are leading to the present situation of high turnover amongst new employees. While it is heartening to know that most of the older employees have been retained, the lack of new hires sticking it out shows that there is a significant problem with the recruitment and retention process for junior members (Welch, 2005). The company needs to establish an orientation program as well as provide some on the job training for new recruits who can be shown why Milinder is a good company to work for. Since the company has noticed that older employees are easier to retain they can

Entrepreneurial Competencies And Business Performance Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurial Competencies And Business Performance Commerce Essay Entrepreneurship is an independent activity carried out at ones own risk, aimed at gaining regular profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performing works or services by persons registered in the manner prescribed by law (Peters, 2006). Entrepreneurship is an essential attribute of a market economy, penetrating all its institutions. Establishment (starting) of a business entity a legal entity, as well as corporate rights ownership are not business activities, except cases provided by law. An English professor Alan Hosking states that an individual entrepreneur is a person, who runs a business at his own expense, personally manages the business, is personally responsible for providing the necessary means, and makes decisions independently. His reward is a profit received as a result of business activity, and satisfaction he feels from running a free business (Rowley, 2010). But along with this, he also has to take the risk of losses in case of bankruptcy of his company. There is no generally accepted economic theory of entrepreneurship, although the need for such a theory has long been very urgent. The development of scientific understanding of the practice of entrepreneurship could be roughly called the three waves of development of the theory of business function. The first wave, which dates back to the 18th century, was associated with concentrating on the risks of an entrepreneur. The second wave in the scientific understanding of the entrepreneurship is associated with determination of innovation as its main feature. The third wave is specific for the focus on the particular personal qualities of the entrepreneur (the ability to react to changes in economic and social situation, independence in choosing and decision-making, management skills) and the role of entrepreneurship as a regulating principle in the balancing of eco system (Peters, 2006). The current stage of development of the theory of business function can be attributed to the fourth wave, the emergence of which is associated with the focus on the management aspect in the analysis of actions of the entrepreneur, and therefore on the interdisciplinary level of analysis of business problems. Currently, theoretical studies pay attention not only to entrepreneurship as a way of running business on the independent basis, but also to internal entrepreneurship, or intrapreneurship (Pinchot, 2000). The emergence of intrapreneurship is associated with the factor that many large industrial structures overtake the entrepreneurial form of organization of production. Since entrepreneurship implies the compulsory right for creative freedom, the units of integrated production structures get the right for the freedom of action, which implies the existence of intracapital the capital necessary for the implementation of the ideas lying in the base of the intra-company entrepreneurship (Pinchot, 2000; Teece, 2009). Entrepreneurship is a specific kind of economic activity (by which we mean a purposeful activity aimed at profit-making), which is based on self-initiative, responsibility and innovative entrepreneurial idea. Entrepreneurship is characterized by the presence of innovative moment whether it be manufacturing of a new product, change of the profile of activity or establishment of a new enterprise. The new system of production and quality management, introducing new methods of organizing production or new technologies are also innovative moments (Jones, 2003). Entrepreneurship represents a specific type of economic activity, since its initial stage is connected, as a rule, only with the idea the result of intellectual activity consequently gaining the materialized form. 1.2. Small and Medium Sized Enterprise The classification of small and medium-sized enterprises is usually based on the recommendations of the EU Commission of 3 April 1996, which suggests the following parameters (Jeppesen, 2005): Small and medium enterprises are the enterprises having less than 250 employees; or having an annual turnover of no more than ECU 40 million; or have a total annual balance sheet not exceeding ECU 27 million; satisfy the criterion of independence. A small business is defined as an enterprise which has less than 50 employees; or has an annual turnover not exceeding ECU 7 million; or has a total annual balance sheet not exceeding ECU 5 million; satisfies the criterion of independence. If a company initially operating as a small (medium) business within two years exceeds the criterion for the number of employees or capital structure, it loses its status as a small (medium) enterprise (Jeppesen, 2005). Modern socio-economic situation in the world is characterized by (Jones, 2003): Globalization of production and markets, high rates of technological development and modernization, increasing share of high-tech products in the market; Short life cycles, high degree of diversification of products and services, sharp fluctuations of demand for different types of products; Increasing value of intangible production, creative capital and knowledge economy in the global economy; Limited material resources and increasing requirements for environmental friendliness and safety of products; Increased demands for quality of goods and services, introduction of unified international quality standards. In these circumstances, SMEs are more flexible in responding to constantly changing market conditions, providing high efficiency of investment. As the engine of innovation, small firms provide a rapid generation of new jobs and self-employment of population when employment in traditional fields falls, thus weakening the social tension in depressed regions. Increase of the number of economically active citizens helps establish civic awareness of the population, increases creativity and willingness of society to social partnership, reduces the budget social loading, increasing opportunities to invest in development (Bhat, 2004; Jeppesen, 2005; Jones, 2003, Pinchot, 2000). Small Medium Entrepreneurship is the basis of a stable civil society. SMEs not only play a huge social role in supporting the economic activity of most of the population, but also provide significant tax revenue. In the current difficult situation, it is the SMEs that can act as a stabilizer, and therefore are worth the appropriate attention of society and government (Peters, 2006). World experience shows that if the state wants to develop dynamically and steadily, its socio-economic programs should always include measures to encourage small and medium businesses. Today, in developed countries, SMEs provide 40% to 90% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Jeppesen, 2005). And so, it is natural that the governments of these states give priority to support the sector, providing high guarantees of private property preservation, broad economic independence and freedom of action, support of fair competition and anti-monopolistic activities, preferential loans and financing, substantial assistance in investment. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are recognized as an important part of the world economy and its economic structure, increasing flexibility, adaptability, enhancing stability at the expense of attracting new workers. The growing importance of small and medium-sized enterprises in industrial development, exports and employment is proved by the data of the labor force participation rates of non-agricultural SMEs (China 84.3%, Hong Kong 63.0% Indonesia 79.2%, Republic of Korea -78.5% Mexico 58.5%, Philippines 32,0%, Taiwan 68,6%, Thailand 73.8%) (Jeppesen, 2005). In the 90s, it was typical for TNCs to use the form of small business to expand their production and marketing networks. Such involvement of small enterprises is determined, above all, by the extent of their distribution. Small business is a kind of an antipode to orientation on a standardized large-scale production, which certainly played a role in the 50s and 70s creating in developed countries the basis for their welfare (Peters, 2006). The decisive role in the reassessment of SMEs was played by shifts in the socio-economic structure of developed countries, the change of orientation in consumer attitudes, motivation of labor. A differentiated point demand started to form. Individualization of consumption has changed the paradigms of service provision, stipulated the emergence of small flexible units able to rapidly respond to consumer demand (Bhat, 2004). Partial modernization that helped SMEs to fix in the world economic structure, and most importantly, rapidly changing consumer demand have created a new principle of production and sales, named customization. Its meaning is the orientation of manufacturer to the universal satisfaction of buyers requests, constant appeasing of consumer, and his binding to manufacturer. So the increase in the number of SMEs and their forms are directly dependent on industrial policy in general: small businesses are closely related to large ones, which updates the SMEs. Governments of the newly industrialized countries have managed to create competitive conditions in the economy, despite the strong position of major national conglomerates. Achieving a critical mass of SMEs in the national economy may be a factor of self-sustaining growth. 2. Entrepreneurial Competencies and SME Performance In the study The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises. A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies, Man, Lau and Chan (2002) developed and analyzed a conceptual model describing the relationship between the specific characteristics of SMEs owners and their companies effectiveness. The presented pattern is built out of four concepts competitive scope, organizational capabilities, entrepreneurial competencies and firm performance, which will be analyzed in further subsections. Fig.4. A multi-dimensional construct of SME competitiveness Source: Model of (Man et al, 2002), The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competences. 2.1. Competitive scope The competitiveness of the enterprise is a relative feature that expresses the difference between the development of the company from the development of competitive firms in the degree of satisfaction of peoples needs and in the efficiency of production. The competitiveness describes the capabilities and dynamics of the companys adaptation to the conditions of market competition. The competitiveness of the enterprise depends on several factors: the competitiveness of goods in a domestic and foreign markets, type of goods produced, market capacity (number of annual sales), simplicity of market access, homogeneity of market, competitive position of companies already operating in the market, competitiveness of the industry, ability of technological innovation in the industry, competitiveness of the region and country (Man 2002; Jeppesen, 2005; Jones 2003). As the world practice of market relations shows, the general principles that provide a competitive advantage to producers are (Jeppesen, 2005; Jones 2003): -Aim of each employee to act, to continue the job once it started. -Closeness to the customer. -Establishment of autonomy and creative atmosphere at the company. -Increased productivity through the use of peoples abilities and their desire to work. -Demonstrating the importance of common values. -Ability to hold ones ground. -Simple organization, minimum of management levels and personnel. -Ability to be both soft and hard. Keep the most important issues tightly controlled and pass less important ones to subordinates. The competitiveness of product and competitiveness of manufacturer relate to each other as part and whole. Companys ability to compete on a certain commodity market is directly dependent on the competitiveness of goods and the range of economic methods of the enterprise, impacting the results of competition. In the entrepreneur-consumer relations, the consumer acts as an indicator of the business process. The entrepreneur, in planning and organizing his activities cannot ignore consumers interests, expectations, and estimates. However, this situation does not mean that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the identified interests of consumers. He himself can form consumer demand and create new shopping needs. Thus, the entrepreneurs aim is the necessity to win consumers, to create his own range of consumers. The main means of entrepreneurs influence on consumer are the following factors (Jones, 2003): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ novelty of the product and its compliance with consumer interests; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ quality; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ price, availability of goods; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ degree of universality of goods; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ presentation and packaging; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ positive characteristics differing the goods from other producers; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ access to after-sales services; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ conformity with generally accepted or government standards; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ prestige and attractiveness of advertisement, etc. Competition is an adversary activity between producers for the most profitable markets. The competition serves as a motivational force that compels manufacturers to improve product quality, reduce production costs, and increase productivity. Market competition and competition of countries they are located in have a mutual influence. At the heart of these main aspects of competitiveness is something that can be called soft components of competition, which cannot be evaluated in monetary terms and are difficult to quantify. In the industrialized countries, these components are usually more important than in developing countries. At the same time, soft components cannot be politically manipulated, and changing them requires more time than, for example, increasing productivity or building infrastructure. Despite the lack of developed methods of study, this group of factors of competition cannot be ignored. They include the following (Pinchot, 2000; Man 2002; Steenkamp 2010): work ethics, flexibility and willingness to self-improvement, willingness to work in the service sector, level of claims, openness to the outside world, labour mobility, spirit of competition. 2.2. Organizational capabilities Obviously, the stock market is ready to appreciate the value of some businesses higher, while the value of these estimates exceed than the indicators that reflect the real results of their activities. The gap between market and balance value of equity can be explained by the influence of those resources that are not included in the balance. These resources can justify the high market valuation only in the future when they start to work effectively, providing the company a substantial increase in profits. Such expectations are largely associated with intangible organizational capabilities (Man, 2002). Considering organizational capabilities as dynamic units, D. Teece (2009) defines them as the possibility of firms to integrate, build and reconfigure internal and external competencies in response to rapid environmental change. In fact, we are talking about controlling processes, which occur at all organizational levels of the enterprise. These processes in turn can be regarded as taking place in the time sequence of actions to meet the challenges. Each process can be controlled good or bad. Quality of control depends on the organizational capabilities of the enterprise. Dynamic capabilities of an enterprise can be narrowed to controlling three types of processes integration, reconfiguration, and training (Teece, 2009). The purpose of the integration process is to ensure efficient and effective coordination of resources. Moreover, these processes are the re-treatment of the already known tasks. Therefore, organizational capabilities, associated with the control over the integration processes, can be characterized as the replication capacity. Numerous case studies indicate the presence of a positive relationship between replication capability of the enterprise and the growth of business. The ability to control reconfiguration processes can be described as the ability to recognize the need of reconfiguring the structure of corporate assets and carry out the necessary internal and external transformation. This requires continuous monitoring of markets and technologies and the willingness to use the best practical experience. Reconfiguration processes lead to broad changes in the resource equipment of the enterprise (Bhat, 2004). The organizational capability to control the learning process includes the processes which through repetition and experimentation are helping to solve problems better and faster. It also allows the entrepreneur to identify new industrial opportunities. These organizational capabilities are seen as an important part of the replication and reconfiguration ability of the enterprise and are effectively expressed in them (Pinchot, 2000; Teece, 2009). D. Teece (2009) also distinguishes two types of training analytic (learning before doing) and experimental (doing before learning). Consolidation of organizational capabilities in the enterprise is the important factor in the calculations on the extended growth of the company, which requires the right balance between exploitation of existing and new capabilities. The essence of exploitation is to improve and expand existing skills and experiment with new alternatives (Steenkamp, 2010). Thus, the excess of market value of the enterprise over the balance value is due to the influence of its intangible resources, particularly organizational skills. Following the approach described by Man and Lau (2002), the potential organizational capabilities include innovative ability, ability to maintain or achieve high quality; cost effectiveness; and organicity as the ability to create organic organizational structures. The better the company codifies and transfers the knowledge of the staff, the higher is its efficiency, and thus the market value of the company. Generally, the market value of the enterprise grows, if it is well controlled processes of abstraction and absorption of knowledge and skills. 2.3. Entrepreneurial competencies The main economic goals of the SMEs in the market conditions are improving production efficiency, profit maximization, conquest of new markets and meeting the needs of the team. However, with the growing of influence of economic risk factors, there appear the advantages of free pricing, the possibilities of self-selection of suppliers and consumers. Entrepreneurship as a process is a complex chain of targeted actions of entrepreneurs, possessing certain entrepreneurial competencies (Table 1), since the inception of entrepreneurial ideas and ending with their embodiment in specific business projects. Table 1 showing Entrepreneurial competencies, their behavioral focus and preliminary elements. Adapted from (Thi, 2009) This process requires large expenditures of all factors of production, it is often doomed to a temporary setback, but eventually the entrepreneur is satisfied with the income. Consequently, entrepreneurship as a process involves the search for new creative ideas, their analysis and evaluation from the perspective of market needs and economic benefits, the formation of goals to implement the ideas, turning ideas into a new enterprise, the development of new products, improvement of the production organization, i.e. in implementing and translating ideas into concrete results (product, technology, services, etc.), bringing the entrepreneur the profit (Rowley, 2010; Steenkamp, 2010). Development and implementation of enterprise strategy consists in managing the economy at the micro level (Steenkamp, 2010), which requires the construction of an appropriate system that performs the following functions: directing (justification of goals and choice of ways of achieve them); coordinating (balancing of the major resource constraints and coordination of conflicting interests of all participants of production process); stimulating (activation of the driving forces of development). Experience shows that with the complexity of implementation of all tasks, one of the most difficult to implement is the last of these functions. It aims to motivate the employee to the success of the common business and the realization of his abilities and opportunities. Typically, traditional methods help to solve such a problem in practice only partially. According to experts (Jones, 2003; Bhat, 2004; Man, 2002; Rowley, 2010), most national economies now use less than a half of the creative potential of its employees (and this is obviously one of the root causes of the current crisis situation). Therefore, the way out of the deadlock should be sought in the motivation of people, in the first place, that is, in the sphere of interaction of their interests and benefits. But this requires a clear understanding of the composition and structure of economic interests in a managed team, it requires knowing and taking into account the interests not only common to the whole enterprise, but also the specific ones those of teams units (primary, ancillary, administrative, etc.), as well as of different categories of workers (by gender, age, skill level, etc.). The internal mechanism of economic management, the mechanism of stimulation and motivation cannot operate without such knowledge (Bhat, 2004). However, the external outline is equally important the mechanism of interaction between enterprises with different agents and contractors, partners and competitors in the region, country and abroad. This mechanism is even more complicated because of its novelty and the set of largely unfamiliar requirements introduced today by the market. The development of the models of behavior of enterprises with entities of external outline of relationship requires continuous analysis monitoring tracking the status of the external outline and timely identifying the emerging problems. First and foremost, it is the problem of marketing. Thus, the tasks mentioned above can be divided into two levels: macroeconomic (development of rules of the game by public authorities) and microeconomic (direct adaptation of concrete businesses to the new conditions of production and consumption of goods). According to the conceptualized model of the authors (Man, 2002), Strategic and commitment competencies, competitive scope, and organizational capabilities will positively influence the performance of an SME through their interactive effect. 2.4. Firm performance Firm performance or efficiency is the most important qualitative characteristics of management at all levels. It is a measure of production activity on the distribution and processing of various resources (tangible and intangible) (Man, 2002; Peters, 2006; Phusavat, 2007). Performance can be measured through the coefficient the ratio of results at the output of the resources and at their entrance. The problem of performance is in general is not new; it exists in varying interpretation from the period of appearance of material production and reflects the relationship of production relations of a particular type of production. Under the conditions of market relations, when the results of one market actors depend on the clarity and coherence of other actors, the problem of efficiency is a decisive one. The system of performance indicators should provide a comprehensive assessment of the usage of all enterprise resources and contain all the general economic indicators. General indicators primarily reflect the final results of production and implementation of strategic tasks. Functional indicators are used to analyze and identify the effectiveness of reserves, eliminate bottlenecks in production. As a multidimensional phenomenon, performance can be measured by the following 4 groups of indicators (Phusavat, 2007): 1. General indicators of economic efficiency (the rate of output growth, overall profitability and its growth, etc.); 2. Labor efficiency indicators (growth rate of labor productivity, share of growth in output as a result of productivity growth, etc.); 3. Indicators of fixed assets, operating assets and capital investments (capital productivity ratio, growth of operating assets to the growth of commodity output, the relative savings of production capital funds, working capital turnover, payback period of capital investment, etc.); 4. Performance indicators of material resources (relative savings of material costs, decrease of specific consumption of materials, etc.). Table 2 showing mostly used financial performance measures Source: taken from the research of (Thi, 2009) Table 3 showing financial and nonfinancial measures The provided indicators reflect the combined result of entrepreneurial activity. They are aggregated by many factors and may, in fact, be called generalizing. However, entrepreneurship includes a number of relatively independent activities: industrial, financial, commercial, communication, each of which has a direct impact on the results and thus, largely determines the performance of the entire business system. Each activity creates its own results, calculated in the indicators, reflecting the performance of individual business subsystems. If for evaluating the performance of the financial subsystem it is possible to use a set of indicators and parameters such as income from operations, cost of sales, net income excluding share of profit of associated companies, net tax before taxation and others, for a subsystem like the manufacturing one it is appropriate to suggest the following additional indicators (Peters, 2006; Phusavat, 2007): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ production efficiency calculated by the type of resource output; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ labor productivity; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ profitability; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ measure of the effectiveness of industrial relations; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators reflecting the efficiency of production management; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicator of the efficiency of HR management; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators characterizing the efficiency of use of production and marketing information and others. The effectiveness of commercial subsystems can be assessed using ratios that make up the volume of product sales and expenses for the organization of its marketing and promotion, as well as indicators expressing coherence, interdependence and complementarity of the various elements of supply chain: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicator of the effectiveness of various sales channels, marketing systems, and intermediaries; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators reflecting the effectiveness of sales network; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ index of reliability of intermediaries selection; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators reflecting the effectiveness of sales and marketing information; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicators of the extent to which supply chain goals comply with objectives of marketing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ duration of the implementation period (in relation to the cost of the marketing); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ indicator of the relative value of the profit in the total turnover. Speaking separately on the effectiveness of communication subsystem, it must be emphasized that it is, in this case, not the whole system of market communication (effectiveness of various communication links is evaluated in different subsystems), but the communication between producer and consumer. This subsystem can use the following additional performance indicators (Steenkamp, 2010): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effectiveness of advertising (economic and socio-psychological); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effectiveness of sales promotion; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators of exhibitions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effectiveness of use of various means of advertising influence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effectiveness of motivation study; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ system of indicators that reflect the information components; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effective use of tools for creating public opinion about the company and its products. The index image of the enterprise deserves special attention. It can be used as an indicator of the result not only in the communicative subsystems, but in some cases and in relation to the entire system of entrepreneurship. For example, if a business entity is guided by the concept of socio-economic marketing and suggests operating in the long run, it can build target settings based on the need to strengthen consumers trust, to acquire the necessary social status and public recognition. In this case, the assessment of its performance can be performed through the characteristics that reflect its image (Steenkamp, 2010; Bhat, 2004; Man, 2002). The disadvantage of such assessment is unavoidable conventionality of the resulting indicators obtained with the help of the expert method. It can be reduced by the full use of norms and rules pertaining to expert modeling. In general, business performance can be evaluated not only by the size of the profit, but also by changes of the market value of the enterprise. The economic efficiency of production refers to the degree of utilization of productive capacities, which is indicated by the relation of the results and costs of social production. The higher result at the same cost, the faster it grows in the calculation per unit of socially necessary labor cost, or the less the cost per unit of useful effect, the higher is the production efficiency. The generalized criterion of economic efficiency of social production is the level of labor productivity.

The Three Musketeers :: essays research papers

D’Artagnan goes to France to become a Musketeer. But on his way he gets into a fight with a tall ,dark haired nobleman with a scar on his right cheek. He sees the man talking to a woman named Milady de Winter. D’Artagnan finally finds the captain of the musketeers Monsieur de Treville. D’Artagnan sees the man that defeated him and runs after him. But on his way he runs over wounded Athos and he also runs into Porthos. He ran through the street but could not find the man. Athos gets mad and challenges D’Artagnan to a duel. But when they were about to fight five Cardinal Guards attack them, and D’Artagnan is rewarded for his bravery. One day his landlord comes to him with a favor and he excepts it because he has not paid his bill for three months rent. Constance Bonacieux was kidnapped. While he is telling his friends the whole story he hears his landlord yelling because he was being arrested. But they do not save him for if they get arrested then they will not be able to rescue him. At night he heard someone crying. He looked through the hole on the floor of his apartment, and saw the guards tying up a young woman. He brakes the door and scares the guards away. She thanks him and they fall in love .He then guides her safely to the palace where she is a maid for the Queen of France. But a man comes beside her and D’Artagnan is about to fight him but she stops them and tells D’Artagnan that it is only the Duke of Buckingham and that he has come to meet the Queen. The Queen tells him to leave because he might be in danger .He asks her to give him something to remember her by ,so she gives him a ribbon with twelve diamonds on it. She didn’t know but on of her maids were spying on her, the maid immediately reported it to Richelieu. Richelieu told the King to schedule a ball in ten days in the Queens’ honor. He told Milady de Winter to steal two of the diamonds from the ribbon to show the King that his Queen gave it to another man. Constance asks D’Artagnan to tell the Duke about the ribbon, and the Queens’ danger. The Duke gets someone to make a pair that looks just the same so he can get the Queen out of great danger.

Goodman Company

Case Analysis: Goodman Company Problem Statement †¢How did the sudden adoption of a newly conceived production process, aimed at increasing efficiency, affect the performance of workers at Goodman Company? How come some workers thrived while others buckled under the new system? Analysis †¢The president of the company sought to hire a production analyst so as to increase efficiency at the plant. He viewed their future to be promising if they could keep up production to meet increased demands. Ann Bennet, the new production analyst, chose to streamline the process, whereby work was broken down according to tasks, hoping to make it more efficient. †¢The shift supervisors were not involved in Ms. Benett’s and the president’s plan. They were more or less given orders to implement the new plan effective immediately, thereby not taking into account problems on the floor, or issues workers or supervisors had with the plan. Had they been involved in the planning s tages, they could have communicated the pros and cons of adopting the new plan. †¢As a result, each shift accepted and reacted to the change differently. The new plan was poorly implemented within the 1st shift. They were resistant to adapt to change as most workers on this shift were long time employees in their 50s. Their supervisor had been with the company a very long time. He continued to approach his job the same way he did ever since he started there. He also seemed to be ready to wind down and spent a lot of time researching his ideal retirement location. There was considerable disappointment among workers over the company not sharing profits, as they believed they were more productive than the other shifts.The employees in the 1st shift did not enjoy camaraderie outside work. They went their separate ways after work. The new plan required teamwork to be successful. These employees worked independently prior to the transition and did not understand sharing responsibilit ies. Additionally no training was given to facilitate this understanding. Employees clearly were not motivated prior to the adoption of the new process. After the implementation of the new plan, all of the above factors contributed to their decreased performance. †¢In the 2nd shift, the supervisor had no nteraction with his employees and as a group leader it is necessary to interact continuously with group members. When he was appointed supervisor, the group did not readily accept him and he did not socialize but rather believed that they should do their work. Therefore they were reluctant to speak to him on any problems that they encountered. They preferred to speak with Jim Fask, who was a senior member of the group with a lot of experience, but had no formal authority on them. The supervisor attributed poor performance of his shift to the new plan and to Jim Fask’s removal from the group.He did not think communicating with members would stimulate them. †¢Employee s in the 3rd shift were well informed about the new process. They spent enough time familiarizing themselves with the changes. The supervisor was friendly and encouraged ideas. He enabled each person to be an operator and therefore tried to keep boredom at bay. They socialized outside work and got along well with each other. They understood teamwork and often chose to work in groups. The group realized that the more efficient they made the process the more time they had to enjoy a little free time. Therefore they were able to outperform the other shifts. Lack of communication in the 1st and 2nd shifts led employees being less committed. Workers were not motivated towards goals. Goals were not communicated to them in this case. †¢Therefore lack of communication, leadership skills, not involving supervisors in decision making all led to factors affecting productivity adversely. Conclusions †¢1st shift workers seemed dissatisfied and lacked motivation before the new process w as implemented. After the new plan was implemented they didn’t welcome the change, the supervisor himself was not thrilled about it and didn’t initiate any advise to them.This resulted in poor performance and increased job dissatisfaction. †¢2nd shift workers lacked a good leader. Their supervisor was not disturbed by the fact that his employees did not communicate with him much and was comfortable with the fact that they spoke about all issues to a senior member of the team. †¢Workers in the 3rd shift seemed to survive the transition, as they were pro-active, flexible, and challenged one another. Their supervisor encouraged them and prepared them well for the changes that were to come. Recommendations †¢Goals must be clearly communicated to all members of the organization.This enables them understand what is expected of them and the importance of their involvement to accomplish them. †¢Prepare employees for change. Change is inevitable. Employees m ust be given enough training to familiarize themselves to the coming changes. †¢Supervisors must exhibit superior leadership skills over groups and must be available to encourage employees to perform. They must set goals, devise methods, and not shudder to incorporate ideas from employees to streamline the process. †¢Employee appreciation awards can lead to increased motivation.

gun controll essays

gun controll essays A. Its is very obvious that our gun controll laws are not sufficient. 1. explain a few reasons why these laws are not working 2. tell you a few solutions i might have to make things better. A. guns dont kill people, people kill people b. Trigger locks and responsible parenting are an easy fix. c. In one year, firearms killed no children in Japan, 19 in Great Britain, 57 in Germany, 109 in France, 153 in Canada, and 5,285 in the United States. (www.handguncontroll.com) a. Trigger locks and warning labels are not going to fix a single thing in this situation. b. People kill each other if they want to, not because the gun told them to. c. Capital punishment (death penalty or worse) would discourage a whole lot of people from commiting crimes. d. Take away guns... people will use knives or hammers e. Give every one a gun... Im scared, arent you A. claimed the company declined to incorporate safety devices and warnings that would help prevent accidental shootings. B. Sued to compensate for cost of law enforcement and medical expenses. 2. Boston vs. Smith and Wesson Corp. D. Claimed they created public nuisance, neglegency failed to create safer designs and provide warnings about the danger of guns. E. Sued to compensate for costs of law enforcement and medical expenses 1. James S. Brady was the Reagans White House Press Secretary 2. Shot on March 30, 1981 when John Hickley attempeted to assassinate President Reagan 3. On November 30, 1993, President Clinton signed the "Brady Bill", a bill named in Mr. Brady's honor, into law. The Brady law requires a national waiting period and background check on a ...

Role Of Sport Tourism In Development Tourism Essay Essay Example

Role Of Sport Tourism In Development Tourism Essay Essay Example Role Of Sport Tourism In Development Tourism Essay Essay Role Of Sport Tourism In Development Tourism Essay Essay Sport touristry is a new construct in the universe holding the most growing in touristry industry. Many of states enjoy an appropriate position with regard to feature touristry and, consequently, lend straight to their nation`s economic prosperity. Hence, the end of this research is comparison and study of touristry directors, involvement directors and tourisms`ideas about creative activity of athletics tourism-induced employment and income in Mazandaran-Iran. The tool of this research is a researcher-made five graduated table likert questionnaire. The questionnaire dependability and the coefficient cogency were confirmed by experient professors and with ( ? = 0.82 ) , respectively.Finally, The information analysis carried out utilizing the SPSS package and ?2 statistic trial. The consequences show that occupation creative activity ( ? 4.360, p- 0.35 ) and income production ( ?2 -1.633, p- 0.80 ) were antecedently at a minimal However, the function of touristry industry development is believed to make occupations ( ?2 9.740, p- 0.04 ) and income ( ?2 5.224,0.51 ) . Compared with other surveies, the present research indicates that future athletics touristry industry influences occupation and income production in the parts hosting the athletics events provided that the athletics touristry industry and its several substructures are well-developed. Cardinal word: athletics touristry, touristry economic, income, employment, athletics, touristry, occupation. Introduction Sport touristry is a comparatively new and of all time increasing industry in the touristry industry concentrating on the mark planning in the development states.It is besides believed athletics touristry shall reconstitute the rural and urban communities from societal and economic positions.Seemingly sport touristry shall better the individuals`life quality through tourer attractive force and consequences in the economic public assistance of the local communities ( Swart and Bob 2007 ) .Sport touristry is defined as impermanent motion from one s colony to go through their free clip playing and watching games and so forth ( Preuss et al 2007 ) . Today, athletics and touristry are concerned with the of import economic activities in the developed and developing states ( Swart and Bob 2007 ) .Based upon the universe touristry organisation estimates,43 % of the universe occupations will be associated with touristry industry by 2010.For illustration, from 1997 to 2005, athletics touristry brought about an one-year addition in gross domestic growing ( 1.3 % ) resulted from economic activities with respect to keeping large athletics competitions, and unemployment declined by 1.9 % on one-year footing ( Kasimati and Dawson,2009 ) .Thus, the athletics can considerably act upon sport-based services and merchandises in footings of functional and ocular dimensions.Hence, it is considered as one of the effectual factor extremely influencing national growing and gross in 21th century ( Brown and Nagel,2002 ) . The corresponding surveies indicate that athletics touristry is the most developed sector of touristry industry ( Chalip,2004 ) such that it is regarded as a universe multi-billion trading component bring forthing 4.5 trillion dollars for touristry industry and universe circuit ( Tassiopoulosa and Haydamb,2007 ) . Tourists are a main beginning of income and employment for the population of the hosting part ( Batyk and Ski,2009 ) that is why, the universe metropolitans consider Olympic games as a alone chance for local selling, because a possible economic advantage of being the host of a large athletics event is to pull many witnesss and tourers to the hosting metropolis and accordingly, it shall positive economic effects ( Preuss et al,2007 ) .Most published documents in footings of Olympic games have chiefly focused on its long standing benefits such as new substructures and installations, the cities` Reconstruction, international credibleness, touristry growing, public public assistance betterment, occupation creative activity and local employment chances.Thus, gratuitous to state why in recent old ages, states have tended to host the approaching competitions ( Kasimati,2003 ) .Then, athletics touristry is considered as an effectual tool to cover with poorness and unemployment and increase e conomic growing and societal public assistance of the communities, particularly developing states ( Eftekhari,1999 ) There are two sorts of athletics touristries: the first one employs athletics for the interest of its touristry development advantages, while the other one is the consequence of sport-based activities ( Tassiopoulosa and Haydamb,2007 ) .So the communities should take both types into history ( Daniels,2007 ) so as to optimally take advantage of their positive consequences. Since there are assorted motivations as for engagement in the athletics activities such as competition, diversion and going to watch preliminary or prime competitions or athletics attractive forces ( Tassiopoulosa and Haydamb,2007 ) , natural resources athletics and touristry installations play a important function in pulling tourers to the host metropolis, part or state. In this respect, Kozak studied the factors act uponing athletics tourer trip sing their finish and nationality. His consequences indicated that adjustment, installations, clime, monetary value rate, geographical location of the host part and entree to sea coast were the grounds as for why English tourers had traveled to Malt and Turkey ( Kozak,2005 ) . Mazandaran state is regarded one of the taking touristry centres due to its favourable nature and geographical locations ( Mazandaran_based touristry organization,2008 ) .No uncertainty, touristry is one of the of import sectors in terns of economic development of Mazandaran.This status applies for the communities, particularly Mazandaran, in which persons pursue assorted activities to do money. Since application of local resources to do and heighten income minimizes the dependence upon national resources, such communities shall prevail in the long tally depending on their local resources ( Poudial et al,2008 ) .Given possible resources in Mazandaran like Mazandaran sea, assorted vegetations and zoologies, picturesque mountains, woods and coast, Damavand acme ( 5670m ) , caves, waterfalls, rivers, watering place, springs, lagunas particularly Miankahe peninsular in Behshar,800 well-known monumental and historical musca volitanss like Amol, Chalous, Sari, rivers, lakes bank, musca vol itanss, waterfalls, state Parkss, protected countries and wild life, conserves and natural-national plants, mineral Waterss, . It might a best pick for tourers with assorted motivations. The parts in which athletics and athletic activities is a portion of their civilization can certainly take advantage of domestic and international tourers, addition indigens income and at the same clip, minimise the unemployment and rising prices rate.Here, persons pursue a broad scope of assorted activities to do money ( Tao, 2008 ) .Hence, the present research attempts to happen a answer to this inquiry: to what extent has the athletics touristry influenced the occupation and income creative activity in Mazandaran-Iran. Methodology: The present research is of descriptive-analytical type for which the researcher-made questionnaire conducted based upon the Likert s 5-item graduated table. Its cogency and dependability coefficient confirmed by experient university module professors and Cronbach alpha ( 82 % ) . The statistical population, here, was Mazandaran state. Furthermore, all statistical sample was 3 groups 1 ) .31 tourers 2 ) .12 interested directors 3 ) .12 tourism-cultural heritage organisation directors. The directors were chosen on the footing of their handiness, while the tourers chosen utilizing simple random trying. In add-on, statistics like frequence and per centum every bit good as chi-square applied for statistical descriptions. Findingss: The present survey included 16.4 % adult females and 83.6 % work forces with average age of 31.Also, 30 % and 70 % of them were individual and married, respectively.Additionally, 43.7 % had sheepskin, whereas 56.3 % had higher instruction. Most of our samples were employees whose mean salary ranged from 300-400 dollars. Table 1 presents the frequence distributions of our samples viz. tourers, tourisms-cultural heritage organisation directors and interested directors Table 1 Sample frequence Number Percentage Tourists 31 56.4 Tourism-cultural heritage organisation directors 12 21.8 Interested directors 12 21.8 entire 55 100 Equally far as illative statistics was concerned, all 3 groups disagreed about the thought that investing in touristry and athletics industry had antecedently led to the young person employment in the part based upon the consequence gained from chi-square analysis ( x2 =4.360, p=0.35 ) Figure 1: all 3 groups position points sing occupation creative activity in the part in footings of athletics touristry in the yesteryear. However, the consequences indicated that all 3 groups would hold about the fact that investing in sport touristry in Meandering will surely make occupations ( x2=9.740, p=0.04 ) . Figure 2: all 3 groups position points sing occupation creative activity as a consequence of investing in sport touristry industry in Mazandaran On the other manus, the chi-square analysis consequences as to whether investing in athletics sector ( e.g. wrestle ) would take to occupation creative activity stimulated all 3 groups dissensions ( x2=1.631, p=0.9 ) Figure 3: all 3 groups view point sing occupation creative activity ensuing from investing in athletics sector ( wrestling, for illustration ) in Mazandaran in the old old ages The qi -square consequences as to whether sport touristry development would act upon the peoples income in the hereafter induced all 3 groups understanding ( x2=5.224, p=0.51 ) Besides, the chi-square analysis as to whether athletics ( e.g. wrestle ) had increased the people s income in the yesteryear yielded all 3 groups dissension ( x2=1.663, p=0.89 ) Discussion: The present survey aimed to look into the athletics touristry impact upon occupation and income creative activity in Mazandaran -Iran taking tourers, interested directors and tourism-cultural heritage organisation directors position points into history. These groups position points reflected the fact that occupation creative activity rate in footings of investing in the athletics touristry in Mazandaran had been at lower limit. The research consequences indicated that occupation creative activity based upon investing in local athletics ( e.g. wrestling ) was undistinguished, every bit good. So, it was perchance that the fringy occupation creative activity was associated with deficiency of related installations and substructures. Similarly, a instance survey by Bud and Matson ( 2002 ) showed that the impact of Los angles Olympic games ( 1984 ) and Atlanta Olympic games ( 1996 ) upon unemployment had wholly been impermanent, while the stable status resulted merely when new installations and substructures were economically geared for the undermentioned old ages ( Kasimatia and Dawson,2008 ) .It is notable that athletics touristry is made up from two footings viz. touristry and athletics. So that one should see both elements exhaustively, whereas these two elements have been disregarded in the state. This ground complies with Manson s findings ( 2007 ) reasoning that the host parts should see both athletics res ources and touristry services wholly ( Danilzo,2007 ) .The present survey consequences indicate that the tourers and interested directors point of views sing whether investing in sport touristry would convey about occupation creative activity in Mazandaran differed with those of cultural heritage organisation directors who tended to differ about this fact, whereas both tourers and interested directors would hold about it. The ground for that tourers and cultural heritage directors dissension lies in the fact that they handled athletics touristry as the separate constituent and did nt see sport touristry as a occupation creative activity tool which, now, has outperformed other industries. However, Kazimatia and Dawsons` surveies ( 2007 ) asserted that holding been the host of assorted athletics competitions, Greece would witness a important decrease in unemployment through 1997-2004 during which, on norm, there was 1.88 % one-year decrease in unemployment rate.Similarly, Balfonsa and Sava ( 2002 ) estimated that Olympic games will make 7700 new occupations between 2006-2012 ( Kasimatia and Dawson,2007 ) .Also, the surveies showed that Sidney Olympic games ( 2000 ) would make 5300 occupations in the south Walzder-Australia and 7500 occupations throughout Australia ( Lockstone, Baum 2008 ) . All 3 survey groups in the present survey would hold that touristry industry might positively act upon the people s income in Mazandaran province.The research is besides in conformance with the findings of Shepenger et Al ( 2003 ) , Daniels ( 2007 ) , Collisa et Al ( 2008 ) , Tassiopoulosa and Haydamb ( 2007 ) .In footings of the impact of local athleticss ( e.g wrestling ) in the state upon the indigens income, all 3 groups would nt prefer this thought and related their dissension to deficiency of installations and substructures in the touristry and athletics Fieldss However, the findings of Mason and Mundaya ( 2008 ) .Lockstone and Baum ( 2008 ) indicated that the hosting parts enjoy considerable addition in income due to keeping athletics events Recommendations: 1 ) An betterment and addition in natural and semisynthetic substructure so as to efficaciously pull athletics tourers. 2 ) An investing in presenting Mazandaran state as a alone athletics touristry part. 3 ) An enterprise to incorporate touristry and athletics touristry activities.

Is there a future in Travel Agency in the UK Dissertation

Is there a future in Travel Agency in the UK - Dissertation Example In essence, the future of the travel agency industry in the United Kingdom perceives technology both as danger and useful business prospect, in line with adapting to realities in society. Examining the future of the industry of travel agencies in United Kingdom is valuable for the current players in the market, as it will help improve the current practice and help resolve the declining market. The study aims to evaluate the effects of technology in UK’s travel agency industry, in order to analyze the potential disadvantages it presents and the potential it presents for optimal utilization. Identifying the threats that the information and communication technology era presents is valuable in mitigating its effects to the Travel Agency industry. On the other hand, analyzing technology as a tool for business growth would reinforce business practice and promote growth. Apart from market players, the study will also be beneficial for scholarly and academic work, as it would contribu te to the body of knowledge that evaluates the correlation of tourism and technology, on both the negative and positive aspects. The current research will also be helpful for consumers, as a means of awareness and a more accurate reference for choosing the best option in booking holiday travels that best suits their needs. Lastly, the study is useful for future research, as it would delve on the projected impact of technology on UK’s tourism. Research Question 1. How does Information Technology (IT) negatively impact UK’s Travel Agency? 2. How does IT contribute to UK’s Travel Agency? 3. How does IT affect consumer behavior in terms of disintermediation? 4. How can IT improve UK’s Travel Agency’s practice to sustain business? Research Aim To evaluate the effects of information technology on the future of United Kingdom’s Travel Agency Industry. Research Objectives 1. To identify and analyze the threats brought about by IT in UK’s trav el agency industry. 2. To determine the opportunities generated by IT in UK’s travel agency industry. 3. To analyze how IT affects consumer behavior on disintermediation. 4. To identify strategies to utilize IT in UK travel agencies to develop business practice. 2. LITERATURE The development of information technology, especially the widespread utilization of the internet medium has changed how the tourism industry functions. It can serve as both a boon and a bane, as it produces both opportunities and difficulties to the process and the stakeholders involved in the field of hospitality and tourism. Since the study focuses on travel agencies, the researcher will delve on the perspective of how travel agents are impacted due to the integration of the new technology to their line of work (Kilipiris and Zardava, 2012). Through the internet, both the behavior of the customers and the structure of the processes have been modified in the sense that it allows travel agents to sustain their visibility in distributing their services. However, as processes become automated, there is a risk that agents would be removed from the process and their roles would be fulfilled by virtual systems. It is important to note that in the event that their roles will be retained in the industry's structure, the utilization of technology would

Multicultural Maladjustments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multicultural Maladjustments - Essay Example The essay "Multicultural Maladjustments" talks about the people who live amidst two or more cultures and an uncomfortable feeling of being outsiders. This is poignantly brought out in the three books that are discussed, â€Å"The Namesake† by Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"Persepolis-2† by Marjane Satrapi and â€Å"Anil’s Ghost† by Michael Ondaatje. All these three books deal with the conflict that results from being between two or more cultures. In â€Å"The Namesake†, it is the struggle for identity of a boy of Indian origin in America that is portrayed, in â€Å"Anil’s Ghost†, the author describes the travails of a young Sinhalese woman, and in â€Å"Persepolis†, the heroine is an Iranian educated in the West. All these characters have one thing in common, which is the feeling of being an outsider among peers. A feeling of perpetual disorientation and discord haunts the lives of the people who are forced by circumstances to live as a p art of multiple cultures. They can overcome this feeling of alienation by consciously trying to become a part of the prevailing culture. The graphic art novel â€Å"Persepolis† by Marjane Satrapi. was originally written in French. A daughter of a noble family of Iran, Satrapi lived a comfortable life in Iran. In 1984, in her early teens, she was forced to flee Iran and study in a school in Austria. She feels like an outsider among her classmates at school but struggles to acquire a sense of belonging.